The structure of phosphorylated GSK-3β complexed with a peptide, FRATtide, that inhibits β-catenin phosphorylation

Bax, Benjamin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-3785, Carter, Paul S., Lewis, Ceri, Guy, Angela R., Bridges, Angela, Tanner, Robert, Pettman, Gary, Mannix, Chris, Culbert, Ainsley A., Brown, Murray J.B., Smith, David G. and Reith, Alastair D. 2001. The structure of phosphorylated GSK-3β complexed with a peptide, FRATtide, that inhibits β-catenin phosphorylation. Structure 9 (12) , pp. 1143-1152. 10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00679-7

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Abstract

Background: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) sequentially phosphorylates four serine residues on glycogen synthase (GS), in the sequence SxxxSxxxSxxx-SxxxS(p), by recognizing and phosphorylating the first serine in the sequence motif SxxxS(P) (where S(p) represents a phosphoserine). FRATtide (a peptide derived from a GSK-3 binding protein) binds to GSK-3 and blocks GSK-3 from interacting with Axin. This inhibits the Axin-dependent phosphorylation of β-catenin by GSK-3. Results: Structures of uncomplexed Tyr216 phosphorylated GSK-3β and of its complex with a peptide and a sulfate ion both show the activation loop adopting a conformation similar to that in the phosphorylated and active forms of the related kinases CDK2 and ERK2. The sulfate ion, adjacent to Val214 on the activation loop, represents the binding site for the phosphoserine residue on `primed' substrates. The peptide FRATtide forms a helix-turn-helix motif in binding to the C-terminal lobe of the kinase domain; the FRATtide binding site is close to, but does not obstruct, the substrate binding channel of GSK-3. FRATtide (and FRAT1) does not inhibit the activity of GSK-3 toward GS. Conclusions: The Axin binding site on GSK-3 presumably overlaps with that for FRATtide; its proximity to the active site explains how Axin may act as a scaffold protein promoting β-catenin phosphorylation. Tyrosine 216 phosphorylation can induce an active conformation in the activation loop. Pre-phosphorylated substrate peptides can be modeled into the active site of the enzyme, with the P1 residue occupying a pocket partially formed by phosphotyrosine 216 and the P4 phosphoserine occupying the `primed' binding site.

Item Type:	Article
Date Type:	Publication
Status:	Published
Schools:	Biosciences
Publisher:	Elsevier (Cell Press)
ISSN:	0969-2126
Date of Acceptance:	18 October 2001
Last Modified:	23 Oct 2022 14:03
URI:	https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/112634

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