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Leveraging genomic annotations and pleiotropic enrichment for improved replication rates in schizophrenia GWAS

Wang, Yunpeng, Thompson, Wesley K., Schork, Andrew J., Holland, Dominic, Chen, Chi-Hua, Bettella, Francesco, Desikan, Rahul S., Li, Wen, Witoelar, Aree, Zuber, Verena, Devor, Anna, Nöthen, Markus M., Rietschel, Marcella, Chen, Qiang, Werge, Thomas, Cichon, Sven, Weinberger, Daniel R., Djurovic, Srdjan, O'Donovan, Michael Conlon ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7073-2379, Visscher, Peter M., Andreassen, Ole A. and Dale, Anders M. 2016. Leveraging genomic annotations and pleiotropic enrichment for improved replication rates in schizophrenia GWAS. PLoS Genetics 12 (1) , e1005803. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005803

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Abstract

Most of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia (SCZ) has not yet been identified. Here, we apply a novel statistical algorithm called Covariate-Modulated Mixture Modeling (CM3), which incorporates auxiliary information (heterozygosity, total linkage disequilibrium, genomic annotations, pleiotropy) for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to enable more accurate estimation of replication probabilities, conditional on the observed test statistic (“z-score”) of the SNP. We use a multiple logistic regression on z-scores to combine information from auxiliary information to derive a “relative enrichment score” for each SNP. For each stratum of these relative enrichment scores, we obtain nonparametric estimates of posterior expected test statistics and replication probabilities as a function of discovery z-scores, using a resampling-based approach that repeatedly and randomly partitions meta-analysis sub-studies into training and replication samples. We fit a scale mixture of two Gaussians model to each stratum, obtaining parameter estimates that minimize the sum of squared differences of the scale-mixture model with the stratified nonparametric estimates. We apply this approach to the recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of SCZ (n = 82,315), obtaining a good fit between the model-based and observed effect sizes and replication probabilities. We observed that SNPs with low enrichment scores replicate with a lower probability than SNPs with high enrichment scores even when both they are genome-wide significant (p < 5x10-8). There were 693 and 219 independent loci with model-based replication rates ≥80% and ≥90%, respectively. Compared to analyses not incorporating relative enrichment scores, CM3 increased out-of-sample yield for SNPs that replicate at a given rate. This demonstrates that replication probabilities can be more accurately estimated using prior enrichment information with CM3.

Item Type: Article
Date Type: Published Online
Status: Published
Schools: Medicine
MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics (CNGG)
Subjects: R Medicine > R Medicine (General)
Additional Information: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence
Publisher: Public Library of Science
ISSN: 1553-7390
Date of First Compliant Deposit: 28 April 2016
Date of Acceptance: 21 December 2015
Last Modified: 05 May 2023 12:02
URI: https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/90092

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