Browse by Current Cardiff authors

Morse, Daniel, Smith, Ann, Wilson, Melanie, Marsh, Lucy, White, Lewis, Posso, Raquel, Bradshaw, David, Wei, Xiao Qing, Lewis, Michael and Williams, David 2019. Molecular community profiling of the bacterial microbiota associated with denture-related stomatitis. Scientific Reports 9 , 10228. 10.1038/s41598-019-46494-0

Lins, Renata Ximenes, Hirata, Raphael, Wilson, Melanie, Lewis, Michael A. O., Fidel, Rivail Antonio Sergio and Williams, David 2019. Comparison of genotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of oral and non oral Enterococcus faecalis from Brazil, Japan and the United Kingdom. Journal of dentistry 84 , pp. 49-54. 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.03.002 Item availability restricted.

Morse, Daniel, Wilson, Melanie, Wei, Xiao qing, Bradshaw, David, Lewis, Michael and Williams, David 2019. Modulation of Candida albicans virulence in in vitro biofilms by oral bacteria. Letters in Applied Microbiology 68 (4) , pp. 337-343. 10.1111/lam.13145

Lewis, Michael A. O. 2018. Mouth cancer - what's it to you? British Dental Journal 225 (9) , p. 789. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.980

Lewis, Michael A. O. 2018. Mouth cancer: presentation, detection and referral in primary dental care. British Dental Journal 225 (9) , p. 833. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.931

Morse, Daniel, Wilson, Melanie, Wei, Xiao-Qing, Lewis, Michael A. O., Bradshaw, David J., Murdoch, Craig and Williams, David 2018. Denture-associated biofilm infection in 3-dimensional 1 oral mucosal tissue models. Journal of Medical Microbiology 67 (3) , pp. 364-375. 10.1099/jmm.0.000677

Lewis, Michael and Williams, David 2017. Diagnosis and management of oral candidosis. British Dental Journal 223 , 675 -681. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.886

Marino, Paola, Wise, Matthew, Smith, Ann, Marchesi, Julian, Riggio, Marcello P, Lewis, Michael A O and Williams, David 2017. Community analysis of dental plaque and endotracheal tube biofilms from mechanically ventilated patients. Journal of Critical Care 39 , pp. 149-155. 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.02.020

Sands, Kirsty M., Wilson, Melanie J., Lewis, Michael A. O., Wise, Matthew P., Palmer, Nicki, Hayes, Anthony J., Barnes, Rosemary A. and Williams, David W. 2017. Respiratory pathogen colonisation of dental plaque, the lower airways and endotracheal tube biofilms during mechanical ventilation. Journal of Critical Care 37 , pp. 30-37. 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.07.019

Marino, Paola Jimena, Hannigan, Ailish, Haywood, Sean, Cole, Jade M., Palmer, Nicki, Emanuel, Charlotte, Kinsella, Tracey, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Wise, Matthew Peter and Williams, David Wynne 2016. Comparison of foam swabs and toothbrushes as oral hygiene interventions in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised split mouth study. BMJ Open Respiratory Research 2016 (3) , e000150. 10.1136/bmjresp-2016-000150

Cope, Anwen L., Barnes, Emma, Howells, E. P., Rockey, Ann M., Karki, Anup J., Wilson, Melanie J., Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Cowpe, J. G. 2016. Antimicrobial prescribing by dentists in Wales, UK: findings of the first cycle of a clinical audit. British Dental Journal 221 (1) , pp. 25-30. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.496

Cavalcanti, Yuri Wanderley, Wilson, Melanie, Lewis, Michael, Williams, David, Senna, Plínio Mendes, Del-Bel-Cury, Altair Antoninha and Silva, Wander José da 2016. Salivary pellicles equalise surfaces' charges and modulate the virulence of Candida albicans biofilm. Archives of Oral Biology 66 , pp. 129-140. 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.02.016

Sands, Kirsty M., Marchesi, Julian Roberto, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Twigg, Joshua, Williams, David Wynne, Wilson, Melanie, Smith, Ann and Wise, Matthew Peter 2016. Microbial profiling of dental plaque from mechanically ventilated patients. Journal of Medical Microbiology 65 (2) , pp. 147-159. 10.1099/jmm.0.000212

Cavalcanti, Yuri Wanderley, Wilson, Melanie, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Del-Bel-Cury, Altair Antoninha, da Silva, Wander José and Williams, David Wynne 2016. Modulation of Candida albicansvirulence by bacterial biofilms on titanium surfaces. Biofouling 32 (2) , pp. 123-134. 10.1080/08927014.2015.1125472

Cavalcanti, Yuri Wanderley, Morse, Daniel James, da Silva, Wander José, Del-Bel-Cury, Altair Antoninha, Wei, Xiao-Qing, Wilson, Melanie, Milward, Paul, Lewis, Michael, Bradshaw, David and Williams, David Wynne 2015. Virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans is enhanced in biofilms containing oral bacteria. Biofouling 31 (1) , pp. 27-38. 10.1080/08927014.2014.996143

Brocklehurst, P., Pemberton, M. N., Macey, R., Cotton, C., Walsh, T. and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2015. Comparative accuracy of different members of the dental team in detecting malignant and non-malignant oral lesions. British Dental Journal 218 (9) , pp. 525-529. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.344

Lewis, Michael 2014. The role of antifungal and antiviral agents in Primary Dental Care. Primary Dental Journal 3 (4) , pp. 59-64. 10.1308/205016814813877252

Lewis, Michael 2014. Prescribing in Primary Dental Care. Primary Dental Journal 3 (4) , pp. 4-5. 10.1308/205016814813877423

Sands, Kirsty M., Williams, David Wynne, Wilson, Melanie J., Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Marsh, Lucy L. and Wise, Matthew Peter 2014. Mechanisms of augmented growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by Candida albicans [Letter]. Critical Care Medicine 42 (3) , e256. 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000113

Rogers, Helen, Wei, Xiao-Qing, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Patel, V., Rees, Jeremy Simon, Walker, Rita Valerie, Maggio, B., Gupta, A. and Williams, David Wynne 2013. Immune response and candidal colonisation in denture associated stomatitis. Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology 4 (6) , 178. 10.4172/2155-9899.1000178

Sands, Kirsty M., Williams, David Wynne, Wilson, Melanie J., Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Wise, Matthew Peter 2013. The dynamics of polymicrobial biofilms [Letter]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 188 (10) , p. 1266. 10.1164/rccm.201305-0916LE

Williams, David Wynne, Jordan, Rachael P. C., Wei, Xiao-Qing, Alves, Carlos T., Wise, Matthew Peter, Wilson, Melanie J. and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2013. Interactions of Candida albicans with host epithelial surfaces. Journal of Oral Microbiology 5 , 22434. 10.3402/jom.v5i0.22434

Zheng, Xing Feng, Hong, Yux-iao, Feng, Gui Jie, Zhang, Gaofeng, Rogers, Helen, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Williams, David Wynne, Xia, Zhao Fan, Song, Bing and Wei, Xiao-Qing 2013. Lipopolysaccharide-induced M2 to M1 macrophage transformation for IL-12p70 production is blocked by Candida albicans mediated up-regulation of EBI3 expression. PLoS ONE 8 (5) , e63967. 10.1371/journal.pone.0063967

Rogers, Helen, Williams, David Wynne, Feng, Gui Jie, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Wei, Xiao-Qing 2013. Role of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in enhancing host immune response to Candida albicans. Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 , 320168. 10.1155/2013/320168

Waddington, Rachel J., Landrygan-Bakri, Janine, Wilson, Melanie, Williams, David W. and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2013. Impact of bidirectional relationships between streptococcus anginosus group and host tissue matrix components on cellular activity: Role in establishment of infection. Microbiology Discovery 1 (1) , pp. 4-15. 10.7243/2052-6180-1-4

Malic, Sladjana, Emanuel, Charlotte, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Williams, David Wynne 2013. Antimicrobial activity of novel mouthrinses against planktonic cells and biofilms of pathogenic microorganisms. Microbiology Discovery 1 , 11. 10.7243/2052-6180-1-11

Landrygan-Bakri, Janine, Wilson, Melanie J., Williams, David Wynne, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Waddington, Rachel J. 2012. Real-time monitoring of adherence of Streptococcus anginosus group bacteria to extracellular matrix decorin and biglycan proteoglycans in biofilm formation. Research in Microbiology 163 (6-7) , pp. 436-447. 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.07.006

Bailey, Sarah Elizabeth, Wilson, Melanie, Griffiths, R., Bullock, Alison Deborah, Cowpe, Jon, Newcombe, Robert Gordon and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2012. Continuing dental education: evaluation of the effectiveness of a disinfection and decontamination course. European Journal of Dental Education 16 (1) , pp. 59-64. 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2011.00721.x

Wei, Xiao-Qing, Rogers, Helen, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Williams, David Wynne 2011. The Role of the IL-12 Cytokine Family in Directing T-Cell Responses in Oral Candidosis. Clinical & Developmental Immunology , 697340. 10.1155/2011/697340

Williams, David Wynne and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2011. Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis. Journal of Oral Microbiology 3 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5771

Williams, David Wynne, Chamary, N., Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Milward, Paul J. and McAndrew, Robert 2011. Microbial contamination of removable prosthodontic appliances from laboratories and impact of clinical storage. British Dental Journal 211 (4) , pp. 163-166. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.675

Williams, David Wynne, Kuriyama, T., Silva, S., Malic, Sladjana and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2011. Candida biofilms and oral candidosis: Treatment and prevention. Periodontology 2000 55 (1) , pp. 250-265. 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00338.x

Hooper, Samuel James, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Wilson, Melanie J. and Williams, David Wynne 2011. Antimicrobial activity of Citrox (R) bioflavonoid preparations against oral microorganisms. British Dental Journal 210 (1) 10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.1224

Cairns, Scott, Thomas, John Gilbert, Hooper, Samuel James, Wise, Matthew Peter, Frost, Paul John, Wilson, Melanie J, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Williams, David Wynne 2011. Molecular analysis of microbial communities in endotracheal tube biofilms. PLoS ONE 6 (3) 10.1371/journal.pone.0014759

Williams, David Wynne, Marino, Paola Jimena, Thomas, John Gilbert and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2011. The role of human oral microflora in ventilator- associated pneumonia. Annual Clinical Journal of Dental Health 1 , pp. 16-21.

Hallier, C., Williams, David Wynne, Potts, Albert John Cornel and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2010. A pilot study of bioaerosol reduction using an air cleaning system during dental procedures. British Dental Journal 209 (8) , E14. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.975

Wise, Matthew Peter, Williams, David Wynne, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Frost, Paul John 2010. Macrolides and community-acquired pneumonia: is quorum sensing the key? Critical care (London, England) 14 (4) , 181. 10.1186/cc9084

Gross, G., Harding, K., Karlsmark, T., Kirsner, R. S., Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Nikkels, A. and Schechter, L. N. 2009. How to manage recurrent orofacial herpes simplex virus-1 lesions. Pharmaceutical Journal 283 (7565) , pp. 187-190.

Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2009. The mouth as a window on the body. Journal of Dentistry 37 (8) , S571-S573. 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.05.017

Marsh, Philip D., Martin, Michael V., Williams, David Wynne and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2009. Oral microbiology. 5th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone.

Wise, Matthew Peter, Williams, David Wynne, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Thomas, J. G. and Frost, Paul John 2008. Impact of poor dental health on pneumonia. European Respiratory Journal 32 (4) , pp. 1123-1124. 10.1183/09031936.00096808

Cairns, Scott, Williams, David Wynne, Thomas, John Gilbert, Hooper, Samuel James, Wise, Matthew Peter, Frost, Paul John, Malic, Sladjana, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Harding, Keith Gordon and Leaper, David J. 2008. Characterisation of biofilms within medical devices [Abstract]. Wound Repair and Regeneration 16 (6) , A70. 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2008.00424.x

Bartie, K. L., Devine, D. A., Wilson, Melanie J. and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2008. In vitro susceptibility of the Streptococcus milleri group to antimicrobial peptides. International Endodontic Journal 41 (7) , pp. 586-592. 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01404.x

Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2008. Why we must reduce dental prescription of antibiotics: European Union Antibiotic Awareness Day. British Dental Journal 205 (10) , pp. 537-538. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.984

Collard, Mechelle Margaret, Hunter, Margaret L., Motley, R. J. and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2008. Dermatitis artefacta of the lip in an adolescent. Dental update 35 (5) , 339-340, 343.

Wise, Matthew Peter, Cole, J. M., Williams, David Wynne, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Frost, Paul John 2008. Efficacy of oral chlorhexidine in critical care [Letter]. Critical Care 12 (3) 10.1186/cc6886

Hooper, Samuel James, Crean, St-John Vincent, Fardy, Michael J., Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Spratt, David A., Wade, William G. and Wilson, Melanie J. 2007. A molecular analysis of the bacteria present within oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Journal of Medical Microbiology 56 (12) , pp. 1651-1659. 10.1099/jmm.0.46918-0

Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Yaqoob, Nasreen Akthar, Emanuel, Charlotte and Potts, Albert John Cornel 2007. Successful treatment of oral linear IgA disease using mycophenolate. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology 103 (4) , pp. 483-486. 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.09.019

Seager, Joanna Mary, Howell-Jones, Rebecca Sian, Dunstan, Frank David John, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Richmond, Stephen and Thomas, David William 2006. A randomised controlled trial of clinical outreach education to rationalise antibiotic prescribing for acute dental pain in the primary care setting. British Dental Journal 201 (4) , pp. 217-222. 10.1038/sj.bdj.4813879

Hooper, Samuel James, Crean, St-John Vincent, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Spratt, David A., Wade, William G. and Wilson, Melanie J. 2006. Viable bacteria present within oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue. Journal of clinical microbiology 44 (5) , pp. 1719-1725. 10.1128/JCM.44.5.1719-1725.2006

Kuriyama, Tomoari, Absi, Elias George, Williams, David Wynne and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2005. An outcome audit of the treatment of acute dentoalveolar infection: impact of penicillin resistance. British Dental Journal 198 (12) , pp. 759-763. 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812415

Price, C. L., Williams, David Wynne, Waters, Mark Geoffrey John, Coulthwaite, L., Verran, J., Taylor, R. L., Stickler, David James and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2005. Reduced adherence of Candida to silane-treated silicone rubber. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 74B (1) , pp. 481-487. 10.1002/jbm.b.30226

Kuriyama, Tomoari, Williams, David Wynne, Bagg, J., Coulter, W. A., Ready, D. and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2005. In vitro susceptibility of oral Candida to seven antifungal agents. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 20 (6) , pp. 349-353. 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2005.00236.x

Bartie, Kerry Lynne, Williams, David Wynne, Wilson, Melanie, Potts, Albert John Cornel and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2004. Differential invasion of Candida albicans isolates in an in vitro model of oral candidosis. Oral Microbiology And Immunolology 19 (5) , pp. 293-296. 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2004.00155.x

White, P. Lewis, Williams, David Wynne, Kuriyama, Tomoari, Samad, Shamim A., Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Barnes, Rosemary Ann 2004. Detection of Candida in concentrated oral rinse cultures by real-time PCR. Journal of clinical microbiology 42 (5) , pp. 2101-2107. 10.1128/JCM.42.5.2101-2107.2004

Williams, David Wynne, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Franzen, T., Lissett, V., Adams, C., Whittaker, David, Tysoe, C. and Butler, Rachel 2004. Sex determination by PCR analysis of DNA extracted from incinerated, deciduous teeth. Science & Justice 44 (2) , pp. 89-94. 10.1016/S1355-0306(04)71694-9

Cross, L., Williams, David Wynne, Sweeney, C., Jackson, M., Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Bagg, J. 2004. Evaluation of the recurrence of denture stomatitis and Candida colonization in a small group of patients who received itraconazole. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 97 (3) , pp. 351-358. 10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.10.006

Kuriyama, Tomoari, Williams, David Wynne, Patel, Mital, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Jenkins, Lynda E., Hill, Dylan W. and Hosein, Ian K. 2003. Molecular characterisation of clinical and environmental isolates of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from a teaching hospital in Wales. Journal of Medical Microbiology 52 (9) , pp. 821-827. 10.1099/jmm.0.05123-0

Kuriyama, T., Williams, David Wynne and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2003. In vitro secreted aspartyl proteinase activity of Candida albicans isolated from oral diseases and healthy oral cavities. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 18 (6) , pp. 405-407. 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2002.00100.x

Hill, Katja E., Davies, Charlotte Emma, Wilson, Melanie, Stephens, Philip, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham, Hall, Val, Brazier, J. S. and Thomas, David William 2002. Heterogeneity within the gram-positive anaerobic cocci demonstrated by analysis of 16S-23S intergenic ribosomal RNA polymorphisms. Journal of Medical Microbiology 51 (11) , pp. 949-957.

Price, C., Waters, Mark Geoffrey John, Williams, David Wynne, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Stickler, David James 2002. Surface modification of an experimental silicone rubber aimed at reducing initial candidal adhesion. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 63 (2) , pp. 122-128. 10.1002/jbm.10094

Bartie, Kerry Lynne, Williams, David Wynne, Wilson, Melanie, Potts, Albert John Cornel and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2001. PCR fingerprinting of Candida albicans associated with chronic hyperplastic candidosis and other oral conditions. Journal of clinical microbiology 39 (11) , pp. 4066-4075. 10.1128/JCM.39.11.4066-4075.2001

Wilson, Melanie, Williams, David Wynne, Forbes, M.D.L., Finlay, Ilora Gillian and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2001. A molecular epidemiological study of sequential oral isolates of Candida albicans from terminally ill patients. Journal Of Oral Pathology & Medicine 30 (4) , pp. 206-212. 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2001.300403.x

Williams, David Wynne, Bartie, K. L., Potts, Albert John Cornel, Wilson, Melanie, Fardy, Michael J. and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2001. Strain persistence of invasive Candida albicans in chronic hyperplastic candidosis that underwent malignant change. Gerodontology 18 (2) , pp. 73-78. 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2001.00073.x

Williams, David Wynne, Coulter, W. A., Wilson, Melanie, Potts, Albert John Cornel and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2001. Identification of Candida dubliniensis, based on ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. British Journal of Biomedical Science 58 (1) , pp. 11-16.

Bartie, Kerry L., Wilson, Melanie, Williams, David Wynne and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2000. Macrorestriction fingerprinting of "Streptococcus milleri" group bacteria by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38 (6) , pp. 2141-2149.

Williams, David Wynne and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2000. Oral microbiology: isolation and identification of candida from the oral cavity. Oral Diseases 6 (1) , pp. 3-11. 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00314.x

Williams, David Wynne, Wilson, Melanie, Potts, Albert John Cornel and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 2000. Phenotypic characterisation of Candida albicans isolated from chronic hyperplastic candidosis. Journal of Medical Microbiology 49 (2) , pp. 199-202.

Williams, David Wynne, Waters, Mark Geoffrey John, Potts, Albert John Cornel and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 1998. A novel technique for assessment of adherence of Candida albicans to solid surfaces. Journal of Clinical Pathology 51 (5) , pp. 390-391. 10.1136/jcp.51.5.390

Williams, David Wynne, Jones, Helena S., Allison, Russell Thomas, Potts, Albert John Cornel and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 1998. Immunocytochemical detection of Candida albicans in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material. Journal of Clinical Pathology 51 (11) , pp. 857-859. 10.1136/jcp.51.11.857

Waters, Mark Geoffrey John, Williams, David Wynne, Jagger, Robert Grant and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 1997. Adherence of Candida albicans to experimental denture soft lining materials. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 77 (3) , pp. 306-312. 10.1016/S0022-3913(97)70188-4

Williams, David Wynne, Potts, Albert John Cornel, Wilson, Melanie, Matthews, John B. and Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham 1997. Characterisation of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic hyperplastic candidosis of the oral mucosa. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 26 (2) , pp. 83-89. 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1997.tb00026.x

Williams, David Wynne, Wilson, Melanie, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Potts, Albert John Cornel 1996. Identification of Candida species in formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded oral mucosa by sequencing of ribosomal DNA. Clinical Molecular Pathology 49 , M23-M28. 10.1136/mp.49.1.M23

Williams, David Wynne, Wilson, Melanie, Lewis, Michael Alexander Oxenham and Potts, Albert John Cornel 1995. Identification of Candida species by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of intergenic spacer regions of ribosomal DNA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33 (9) , pp. 2476-2479.